How to Choose VRF/VRV vs Split AC: Pros, Cons
When designing the HVAC system for a commercial space, large home, or multi-story office, one of the most critical decisions is the vrf/vrv vs split unit air conditioning comparison. In…
When designing the HVAC system for a commercial space, large home, or multi-story office, one of the most critical decisions is the vrf/vrv vs split unit air conditioning comparison. In…
With TNB introducing a new electricity billing structure in July 2025, Malaysian households are starting to ask:“Is my air conditioner costing me more under the new system?” Given Malaysia’s hot…
随着马来西亚国家能源公司(TNB)于2025年7月起推出新的电费结构,许多家庭开始思考一个实际问题:“我家的冷气开下来到底多少钱?新旧电费模式哪一个更划算?”*特别是马来西亚这种全年炎热的气候,冷气是很多家庭的基本需求。今天我们就用一个简单的案例,来比较 TNB 旧的 *Domestic Tariff (DOM) 与新的 Time of Use (ToU) 模式对冷气用电的影响。 一、TNB旧电费结构(DOM - Domestic Tariff): 旧电费是分段收费(tiered block tariff),越用越贵: 用电量 (kWh)价格 (每kWh)首200 kWhRM0.218201-300 kWhRM0.334301-600 kWhRM0.516超过600 kWhRM0.546 例子:一个冷气每小时用电 1.2kWh,每天开 8 小时,一个月用电约…
When building a cold room, insulation plays a critical role in energy efficiency, temperature stability, and long-term performance. Two of the most commonly used materials in cold room insulation are…
在冷库(coldroom)建设中,选择合适的保温板是确保冷藏效率、节能和安全的关键。当前市场上最常用的保温板材料主要有两种:PIR(聚异氰脲酸酯) 和 PUR(聚氨酯)。虽然两者看似相似,但它们在防火性、隔热性、价格与使用寿命方面却有明显差别。 什么是 PUR 和 PIR 保温板? PUR(Polyurethane)保温板: 是传统的冷库用隔热材料,导热系数低,保温效果好。 成本较低,施工方便,广泛用于中小型冷库。 PIR(Polyisocyanurate)保温板: 属于 PUR 的升级版,具有更高的热稳定性与防火性能。 更适合对安全要求高的大型冷库或工业级冷藏中心。 冷库保温板常用厚度 根据冷库的类型和使用温度,保温板厚度可选择如下几种规格: 冷库温度类型推荐保温板厚度正温冷库(0°C ~ +10°C)50mm ~ 75mm中温冷库(-5°C ~ 0°C)75mm ~ 100mm低温冷库(-18°C ~ -25°C)100mm ~…
From July 1, 2025, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) implemented a new electricity tariff structure under Regulatory Period 4 (RP4) in Peninsular Malaysia. Here’s how this change affects home air conditioner…
马来西亚从 2025 年 7 月起的新电费结构概况 在 2025 年 7 月 1 日起,TNB(Tenaga Nasional Berhad)在西马地区实施新的电费结构(Regulatory Period 4, RP4),家用电费结构发生重大变动。 关键变化包括: 取消原有的五阶梯电价(volume‑tiered pricing),改为 两段电价(Two‑Tier)制度: 每月用电 ≤ 1,500 kWh 时:27.03 sen/kWh 每月用电超过 1,500 kWh:37.03…
Dimensions and units Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions. The arbitrary magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units. Some basic dimensions such as mass m, length L,…
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy. Although everybody has a feeling of what energy is, it is difficult to give a precise definition for it. Energy…
Introduction Heat Transfer Heat transfer is that science which seeks to predict the energy transfer which may take place between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference. Thermodynamics…